Digital Encoding Technique Of Scrambling Computer Science Essay

Digital Encoding Technique Of Scrambling Computer Science Essay Scrambling is a digital encoding technique that is used in modern data communication schemes and can principally provide aid in retrieving information from received data enhancing synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver. In digital systems it is common to encounter long sequences of 1s and 0s making it difficult for the receiver to retrieve timing information [01]. As a result, the input device randomizes data but the receiver fails to obtain them in their consistent countenance. Adaptive equalization, clock recovery and variations of received data are difficulties that can be eliminated if the bit sequence is randomized and that is a procedure that a scrambling device can guarantee. Scrambling techniques can be divided into two classes; additive scrambling and multiplicative scrambling. In the first case scramblers tend to use modulo-2 addition in order to transform the input data stream and attain synchronization of both ends by using a sync-word. A specific pattern is placed at the beginning of each frame thats being sent and can be decrypted only by the receiver [googlebook]. On the other hand, multiplicative scramblers are named that way because they implement a multiplication between the input signal and the scrambler transfer function. This class of scrambling is also referred as self-synchronizing scrambling because they dont need a sync-word for synchronization [googlebook]. Scramblers are used in a variation of applications. In security systems for example, they can encrypt data and send them into a channel sequence with safety. That way they cant be intercepted on the way to the receiver and can be decrypted by the descrambler installed at the terminal. The main purpose of scrambling devices in data communication systems is to make sure that information from data that has been received from a terminal include timing material that aid the synchronization of both ends such as two modems [01]. 2. Understanding scrambling Accuracy in data communications is highly considerable as otherwise could lead to data loss. For example, a huge network malfunction could take place considering modems scramblers in the infrastructure of a countrys stock market were data must be represented live. This failure could be catastrophic considering the fact that data is being transmitted and received from all over the world. Thus, an errorless communication system is essential with quite accurate timing devices appended to it. This could be easily feasible if communication networks were simply constructed but at present numerous devices are being attached and large data sets are being processed in complex communication grids making it difficult to achieve or even approach the objective of punctual contact. 2.1 Additive (Synchronous) scrambler Data scrambling basically uses fixed binary sequences that mostly resemble a random signal. Feedback generates and provides shift registers with these sequences that afterwards are being exploited by modulo 2 adders. Shift register consists of flip-flops which are placed in a specific order in which they receive the bits and gradually forward them to the next flip-flop in a cascade formation [DTS]. Feedback connections in some stages include taps in which the tapped signals are added modulo 2 and fed back to the first flip-flop. In figure 1 flip-flops 2 and 5 are mod-2 added, flip-flops 1 and 2 are shift to 2 and 3 until they gradually land at flip-flop 4 and 5 and mod-2 output reverts back to flip-flop 1. The result of this shift register will go through thirty-one different states and then it will repeat this process of incoming bits from scratch. This outcome sequence might look fortuitous at first sight but taking under consideration the shift register, length and taps one can pe rceive the exact bits of the fed sequence [DTS]. Following, a simple example of the scramblers operation is comprehensively explained. Paradigm copes with an additive scrambler were an input bit sequence is exploited to fit the modulo 2 logic addition of a pseudorandom sequence. As shown in figure 1 a sequence is granted from a pseudo-random sequence generator and is composed of a 5-bit non zero seed. This sequence of bits (s1) is brought to the scrambler which are summed modulo 2 of locations 2 and 5 in the shift register.. Before the data transmission begins, bits are shifted up one stage as follows: 5 shifts to channel, 4 shifts to 5, 3 shifts to 4, 2 shifts to 3 and 1 shifts to 2. After this procedure takes place, sequences next bit is imported and this process is repeated. When data transmition (s2) arrives the descrambler, bits are summed in to modulo 2 sums at the stages of 2 and 5, just like the values given in the in the primary phase of scrambling. The first bit of the incoming sequence results from this sum and the contents at the registry are shifted up one stage as follows: 5 shifts to receiver, 4 shifts to 5, 3 shifts to 4, 2 shifts to 3 and 1 shifts to 2. This procedure is then repeated. Looking up to the beginning of the paradigm, it should be mentioned that scramblers structure is identical to the one that descrambles the data of the outgoing frame. Therefore, any optimization of the scramblers circuit must be implemented on both ways in order to carry out an accurate scrambling and descrambling action [02]. Suppose that the channel hasnt enticed any bit errors a successful scramble and descramble is being performed regarding that s1 = s2. Going even deeper with the scramblers action, a moreover examination of the example above should take place considering the circuits application. The basic characteristic of scrambling is the use of Galois Theory on polynomials which finds implementation in the afore mentioned example in the following equation: s2 = 1 + D2s2 + D5s2 (1) Where D is a unit delay operator representing the delaying sequence by one bit. Thus, D2s2 and D5s2 refer to the equivalent bits of the scrambled sequenced that is transmitted into the channel as represented in figure 1 and the binary X-OR operator taking place between them. Taking all terms of s2 in one side of the equality the following equation is obtained: [1 + D2 + D5] s2 = s1 (2) or, regarding the transfer process: s2 = [ 1 / (1 + D2 + D5 )] s1 (3) As for the descramblers equation approach, it is reflected as follows: s3 = [1 + D2 + D5] s2 (4) All the above circuits in depth approximation can be generally represented form the following equations: s2 = F(D)s1 (5) and s3 = G(D)s2 (6) which, in the scrambling and descrambling pair procedure are used as: F(D)G(D) = 1 (7) Thus, any receiving or transmitting connected shift registers that indulges Equation 7 are proper for use as a scrambler and descrambler pair. Furthermore, it is now clear that data can be scrambled for many reasons but in order for a terminal to receive these data and modify them into a distinctive countenance a descrambling device is necessary. Descrambling is the inverse of scrambling and its purpose is to restore the signals data state as they were originally supplied to the coupled scrambler [descrambler]. Descrambling is accomplished through using the exact algorithms that were implemented at the initial scrambled signal. Any other use of algorithms at the descrambler doesnt cohere to the complete scrambling and descrambling procedure. 2.2 Multicapitave (Self-synchronizing) scrambler Self-synchronizing scrambling operation acts in two modes. First mode is called start-up and copes with data which are placed to a coupled scrambler and descrambler. This specific seed of information is similarly stored on both ends. After a predestined time interstice, the first mode is terminated and the second one initiates a procedure were information that is stored on both end devices is used to form key signals [03]. This technique deals successfully with randomizing bits by using a logic addition of delayed digits from the source sequence. While in this steady-state mode, errors cannot affect the data as they are already loaded in the devices before the descrambling initiates. Figure 2 represents an indiscriminate scrambler and descrambler that contains M stages and output is given by the following equation: in which + (X-OR) and ÃŽÂ £ denote modulo addition. Shift register of the descrambler receives the M error-free scrambled bits and initiates decoding after affirming that they are identical to the ones transmitted by the receiver [DTS]. Descramblers decoding equation is familiar to the one of scramblers and favors the following: Figure 2 Block diagram of Self-Synchronizing Scrambler and Descrambler [DTS]. Guided scrambling In data communication systems where scrambling contains bit stream transmissions, an improved method of self-synchronizing technique can be applied. Guided scrambling is accepted to be an extension of multicapitave scrambling and its basic principle is based on a refined encoding technique which provides an enhanced transmission [06]. Analytically, this method exploits the drawback of a single source bit affecting many other quotient bits. For example [06], if 01001010001001010100101 is the source sequence, the scrambled should be: 01000000001000000100000 which is an unbalanced sequence presenting only a few alterations. The most significant bit of this sequence is 0 but if an altered quotient required this bit to be 1 the new sequence would be: 11010110010111000010111 This sequence, with the alteration of only one bit, carried in the modulo-2 scission process, plainly depicts better transmission attributes. Guided scrambling is widely implemented in fiber optics communications and assures balanced, efficient transmission with high transition density. 3. Data scrambling in the employment of security Since the amount of digitalized content increases rapidly, data protection becomes a great issue to deal with, as important as encoding techniques implemented to achieve desirable security [MIS]. Scrambling is greatly well-known and effective security technique as its applied on most communication forms [AMIP]. Encryption is the formal name of the scrambling process which applies the function that alters the scope of data in order to be protected before transmitted [SC]. Modern encryption involves algorithms that are based on complex mathematical functions making difficult or in some cases impossible to reverse the scrambled data. Confidentiality is clearly the need that encryption is called to fulfill. However, integrity is also a great issue that data encryption successfully faces. For a long time it has been believed that the feature where one can copy and distribute content freely is advantageous but apart from reading data one can easily change them in a meaningful manner [AMIP]. Furthermore, data scrambling and encryption are fundamental components of protocols that enable the provision of security while executing a system, network or communication task [SC]. 4. Implementation of scramblers in 56kbps V.92 modems V.92 modems are almost extinguished since broadband internet has been solidly established all over the world, but its quite interesting to investigate the implementation of the scrambling and descrambling technique on this device because this is where it was elevated. Wherever GSTN and PSTN are the only communication networks infrastructure, this type of modem is the state of the art. Data rates of a V.92 modem are 56kbps for downstream when in use from server to client connection and 48kbps for upstream when in use from client to server. Term modem emanates from the words modulation and demodulation which basically refer to the main process executed by this specific device: turning to account of the analog signal carried by telecommunication network for data transmission and elaboration. Scrambler in this case guarantees sufficient transitions in the transmitted data for clock extraction and avoids a continuous stream of ones and zeros using an algorithm to alter the data sequence [DCCN]. In order for a modem to perform a one to one mapping between bits and encoding procedure of another modem device it must also be equipped with a descrambler. Data communications very often transmit idle characters, particularly when paired modems make no use of the transmission medium for a relatively long period [DCCN]. Initiating a data transmission again could evoke a data blast with repeating errors presented at the beginning of data. This error occurs because clock phases pattern is quite sensitive but can be overcome from scramblers ability to randomize data before their transmission [DCCN]. Figure 3 Scrambler block diagram [MATLAB] A scramblers block diagram is characteristically represented in Figure 3. As mentioned before, all adders perform a modulo-2 addition and switches in the schematic are defined by the implementing polynomial. In the case of a 56kbps modem the polynomial in use is: y(x) = 1 + x-18 + x-23 which reflects a self-synchronizing scrambling procedure yet bearing a feature of creating the handshake between the terminals. If transmission in the communication network is errorless then the descrambler will be able to translate the signal using the same polynomial contrarily. 5. Application of Matlab to simulate a 56kbps modems scrambler Matlabs Simulink toolbox can fulfill the potential of simulating a scrambler with all the adjustments required. Figure 4 enacts a full scrambling procedure from the signal generation to the scrambling feature and after that to the scope function. Figure 4 Scrambler simulation on Simulink Going deeper in this scheme analysis, a signal generator is situated at the beginning of the diagram. Bernoulis Binary Generator is using a distribution to produce a sequence of random 0s and 1s. In addition to that, a probability of P is applied to produce 0s and 1-P for 1s. The scrambler feature is using a scheme like the one represented in Figure 3 for its fundamental use and utilizes all polynomials capabilities. For example if the polynomial is y(x) = 1 + x-6 + x-8 then the data to be imported are: p = [1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1] and p = [0 -6 -8] [MATLAB]. Last, but not least, the scope widget where conclusive measurements can be extracted from all the previous signal processing. The most common test to be implemented in this simulating scheme would consider time and the input value of P. Particularly, P configures the quantity of 0s and 1s that will shape the outgoing stream of the binary generator. Speed of the user on the other hand in comparison with the real speed of the 56kbps modem is quite low, resulting a long stream of idle status or 0s. In the subsequent examination P will be given the value of 0.9 in order to have maximum possibilities for this stream to appear. Using the spectrum analyzer from Matlabs Simulink the following results of Figure 5 appeared.

Twilight 3. PHENOMENON

3. PHENOMENON When I opened my eyes in the morning, something was different. It was the light. It was still the gray-green light of a cloudy day in the forest, but it was clearer somehow. I realized there was no fog veiling my window. I jumped up to look outside, and then groaned in horror. A fine layer of snow covered the yard, dusted the top of my truck, and whitened the road. But that wasn't the worst part. All the rain from yesterday had frozen solid – coating the needles on the trees in fantastic, gorgeous patterns, and making the driveway a deadly ice slick. I had enough trouble not falling down when the ground was dry; it might be safer for me to go back to bed now. Charlie had left for work before I got downstairs. In a lot of ways, living with Charlie was like having my own place, and I found myself reveling in the aloneness instead of being lonely. I threw down a quick bowl of cereal and some orange juice from the carton. I felt excited to go to school, and that scared me. I knew it wasn't the stimulating learning environment I was anticipating, or seeing my new set of friends. If I was being honest with myself, I knew I was eager to get to school because I would see Edward Cullen. And that was very, very stupid. I should be avoiding him entirely after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday. And I was suspicious of him; why should he lie about his eyes? I was still frightened of the hostility I sometimes felt emanating from him, and I was still tongue-tied whenever I pictured his perfect face. I was well aware that my league and his league were spheres that did not touch. So I shouldn't be at all anxious to see him today. It took every ounce of my concentration to make it down the icy brick driveway alive. I almost lost my balance when I finally got to the truck, but I managed to cling to the side mirror and save myself. Clearly, today was going to be nightmarish. Driving to school, I distracted myself from my fear of falling and my unwanted speculations about Edward Cullen by thinking about Mike and Eric, and the obvious difference in how teenage boys responded to me here. I was sure I looked exactly the same as I had in Phoenix. Maybe it was just that the boys back home had watched me pass slowly through all the awkward phases of adolescence and still thought of me that way. Perhaps it was because I was a novelty here, where novelties were few and far between. Possibly my crippling clumsiness was seen as endearing rather than pathetic, casting me as a damsel in distress. Whatever the reason, Mike's puppy dog behavior and Eric's apparent rivalry with him were disconcerting. I wasn't sure if I didn't prefer being ignored. My truck seemed to have no problem with the black ice that covered the roads. I drove very slowly, though, not wanting to carve a path of destruction through Main Street. When I got out of my truck at school, I saw why I'd had so little trouble. Something silver caught my eye, and I walked to the back of the truck – carefully holding the side for support – to examine my tires. There were thin chains crisscrossed in diamond shapes around them. Charlie had gotten up who knows how early to put snow chains on my truck. My throat suddenly felt tight. I wasn't used to being taken care of, and Charlie's unspoken concern caught me by surprise. I was standing by the back corner of the truck, struggling to fight back the sudden wave of emotion the snow chains had brought on, when I heard an odd sound. It was a high-pitched screech, and it was fast becoming painfully loud. I looked up, startled. I saw several things simultaneously. Nothing was moving in slow motion, the way it does in the movies. Instead, the adrenaline rush seemed to make my brain work much faster, and I was able to absorb in clear detail several things at once. Edward Cullen was standing four cars down from me, staring at me in horror. His face stood out from a sea of faces, all frozen in the same mask of shock. But of more immediate importance was the dark blue van that was skidding, tires locked and squealing against the brakes, spinning wildly across the ice of the parking lot. It was going to hit the back corner of my truck, and I was standing between them. I didn't even have time to close my eyes. Just before I heard the shattering crunch of the van folding around the truck bed, something hit me, hard, but not from the direction I was expecting. My head cracked against the icy blacktop, and I felt something solid and cold pinning me to the ground. I was lying on the pavement behind the tan car I'd parked next to. But I didn't have a chance to notice anything else, because the van was still coming. It had curled gratingly around the end of the truck and, still spinning and sliding, was about to collide with me again. A low oath made me aware that someone was with me, and the voice was impossible not to recognize. Two long, white hands shot out protectively in front of me, and the van shuddered to a stop a foot from my face, the large hands fitting providentially into a deep dent in the side of the van's body. Then his hands moved so fast they blurred. One was suddenly gripping under the body of the van, and something was dragging me, swinging my legs around like a rag doll's, till they hit the tire of the tan car. A groaning metallic thud hurt my ears, and the van settled, glass popping, onto the asphalt – exactly where, a second ago, my legs had been. It was absolutely silent for one long second before the screaming began. In the abrupt bedlam, I could hear more than one person shouting my name. But more clearly than all the yelling, I could hear Edward Cullen's low, frantic voice in my ear. â€Å"Bella? Are you all right?† â€Å"I'm fine.† My voice sounded strange. I tried to sit up, and realized he was holding me against the side of his body in an iron grasp. â€Å"Be careful,† he warned as I struggled. â€Å"I think you hit your head pretty hard.† I became aware of a throbbing ache centered above my left ear. â€Å"Ow,† I said, surprised. â€Å"That's what I thought.† His voice, amazingly, sounded like he was suppressing laughter. â€Å"How in the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I trailed off, trying to clear my head, get my bearings. â€Å"How did you get over here so fast?† â€Å"I was standing right next to you, Bella,† he said, his tone serious again. I turned to sit up, and this time he let me, releasing his hold around my waist and sliding as far from me as he could in the limited space. I looked at his concerned, innocent expression and was disoriented again by the force of his gold-colored eyes. What was I asking him? And then they found us, a crowd of people with tears streaming down their faces, shouting at each other, shouting at us. â€Å"Don't move,† someone instructed. â€Å"Get Tyler out of the van!† someone else shouted. There was a flurry of activity around us. I tried to get up, but Edward's cold hand pushed my shoulder down. â€Å"Just stay put for now.† â€Å"But it's cold,† I complained. It surprised me when he chuckled under his breath. There was an edge to the sound. â€Å"You were over there,† I suddenly remembered, and his chuckle stopped short. â€Å"You were by your car.† His expression turned hard. â€Å"No, I wasn't.† â€Å"I saw you.† All around us was chaos. I could hear the gruffer voices of adults arriving on the scene. But I obstinately held on to our argument; I was right, and he was going to admit it. â€Å"Bella, I was standing with you, and I pulled you out of the way.† He unleashed the full, devastating power of his eyes on me, as if trying to communicate something crucial. â€Å"No.† I set my jaw. The gold in his eyes blazed. â€Å"Please, Bella.† â€Å"Why?† I demanded. â€Å"Trust me,† he pleaded, his soft voice overwhelming. I could hear the sirens now. â€Å"Will you promise to explain everything to me later?† â€Å"Fine,† he snapped, abruptly exasperated. â€Å"Fine,† I repeated angrily. It took six EMTs and two teachers – Mr. Varner and Coach Clapp – to shift the van far enough away from us to bring the stretchers in. Edward vehemently refused his, and I tried to do the same, but the traitor told them I'd hit my head and probably had a concussion. I almost died of humiliation when they put on the neck brace. It looked like the entire school was there, watching soberly as they loaded me in the back of the ambulance. Edward got to ride in the front. It was maddening. To make matters worse, Chief Swan arrived before they could get me safely away. â€Å"Bella!† he yelled in panic when he recognized me on the stretcher. â€Å"I'm completely fine, Char – Dad,† I sighed. â€Å"There's nothing wrong with me.† He turned to the closest EMT for a second opinion. I tuned him out to consider the jumble of inexplicable images churning chaotically in my head. When they'd lifted me away from the car, I had seen the deep dent in the tan car's bumper – a very distinct dent that fit the contours of Edward's shoulders†¦ as if he had braced himself against the car with enough force to damage the metal frame†¦ And then there was his family, looking on from the distance, with expressions that ranged from disapproval to fury but held no hint of concern for their brother's safety. I tried to think of a logical solution that could explain what I had just seen – a solution that excluded the assumption that I was insane. Naturally, the ambulance got a police escort to the county hospital. I felt ridiculous the whole time they were unloading me. What made it worse was that Edward simply glided through the hospital doors under his own power. I ground my teeth together. They put me in the emergency room, a long room with a line of beds separated by pastel-patterned curtains. A nurse put a pressure cuff on my arm and a thermometer under my tongue. Since no one bothered pulling the curtain around to give me some privacy, I decided I wasn't obligated to wear the stupid-looking neck brace anymore. When the nurse walked away, I quickly unfastened the Velcro and threw it under the bed. There was another flurry of hospital personnel, another stretcher brought to the bed next to me. I recognized Tyler Crowley from my Government class beneath the bloodstained bandages wrapped tightly around his head. Tyler looked a hundred times worse than I felt. But he was staring anxiously at me. â€Å"Bella, I'm so sorry!† â€Å"I'm fine, Tyler – you look awful, are you all right?† As we spoke, nurses began unwinding his soiled bandages, exposing a myriad of shallow slices all over his forehead and left cheek. He ignored me. â€Å"I thought I was going to kill you! I was going too fast, and I hit the ice wrong†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He winced as one nurse started dabbing at his face. â€Å"Don't worry about it; you missed me.† â€Å"How did you get out of the way so fast? You were there, and then you were gone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Umm†¦ Edward pulled me out of the way.† He looked confused. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Edward Cullen – he was standing next to me.† I'd always been a terrible liar; I didn't sound convincing at all. â€Å"Cullen? I didn't see him†¦ wow, it was all so fast, I guess. Is he okay?† â€Å"I think so. He's here somewhere, but they didn't make him use a stretcher.† I knew I wasn't crazy. What had happened? There was no way to explain away what I'd seen. They wheeled me away then, to X-ray my head. I told them there was nothing wrong, and I was right. Not even a concussion. I asked if I could leave, but the nurse said I had to talk to a doctor first. So I was trapped in the ER, waiting, harassed by Tyler's constant apologies and promises to make it up to me. No matter how many times I tried to convince him I was fine, he continued to torment himself. Finally, I closed my eyes and ignored him. He kept up a remorseful mumbling. â€Å"Is she sleeping?† a musical voice asked. My eyes flew open. Edward was standing at the foot of my bed, smirking. I glared at him. It wasn't easy – it would have been more natural to ogle. â€Å"Hey, Edward, I'm really sorry -† Tyler began. Edward lifted a hand to stop him. â€Å"No blood, no foul,† he said, flashing his brilliant teeth. He moved to sit on the edge of Tyler's bed, facing me. He smirked again. â€Å"So, what's the verdict?† he asked me. â€Å"There's nothing wrong with me at all, but they won't let me go,† I complained. â€Å"How come you aren't strapped to a gurney like the rest of us?† â€Å"It's all about who you know,† he answered. â€Å"But don't worry, I came to spring you.† Then a doctor walked around the corner, and my mouth fell open. He was young, he was blond†¦ and he was handsomer than any movie star I'd ever seen. He was pale, though, and tired-looking, with circles under his eyes. From Charlie's description, this had to be Edward's father. â€Å"So, Miss Swan,† Dr. Cullen said in a remarkably appealing voice, â€Å"how are you feeling?† â€Å"I'm fine,† I said, for the last time, I hoped. He walked to the lightboard on the wall over my head, and turned it on. â€Å"Your X-rays look good,† he said. â€Å"Does your head hurt? Edward said you hit it pretty hard.† â€Å"It's fine,† I repeated with a sigh, throwing a quick scowl toward Edward. The doctor's cool fingers probed lightly along my skull. He noticed when I winced. â€Å"Tender?† he asked. â€Å"Not really.† I'd had worse. I heard a chuckle, and looked over to see Edward's patronizing smile. My eyes narrowed. â€Å"Well, your father is in the waiting room – you can go home with him now. But come back if you feel dizzy or have trouble with your eyesight at all.† â€Å"Can't I go back to school?† I asked, imagining Charlie trying to be attentive. â€Å"Maybe you should take it easy today.† I glanced at Edward. â€Å"Does he get to go to school?† â€Å"Someone has to spread the good news that we survived,† Edward said smugly. â€Å"Actually,† Dr. Cullen corrected, â€Å"most of the school seems to be in the waiting room.† â€Å"Oh no,† I moaned, covering my face with my hands. Dr. Cullen raised his eyebrows. â€Å"Do you want to stay?† â€Å"No, no!† I insisted, throwing my legs over the side of the bed and hopping down quickly. Too quickly – I staggered, and Dr. Cullen caught me. He looked concerned. â€Å"I'm fine,† I assured him again. No need to tell him my balance problems had nothing to do with hitting my head. â€Å"Take some Tylenol for the pain,† he suggested as he steadied me. â€Å"It doesn't hurt that bad,† I insisted. â€Å"It sounds like you were extremely lucky,† Dr. Cullen said, smiling as he signed my chart with a flourish. â€Å"Lucky Edward happened to be standing next to me,† I amended with a hard glance at the subject of my statement. â€Å"Oh, well, yes,† Dr. Cullen agreed, suddenly occupied with the papers in front of him. Then he looked away, at Tyler, and walked to the next bed. My intuition flickered; the doctor was in on it. â€Å"I'm afraid that you'll have to stay with us just a little bit longer,† he said to Tyler, and began checking his cuts. As soon as the doctor's back was turned, I moved to Edward's side. â€Å"Can I talk to you for a minute?† I hissed under my breath. He took a step back from me, his jaw suddenly clenched. â€Å"Your father is waiting for you,† he said through his teeth. I glanced at Dr. Cullen and Tyler. â€Å"I'd like to speak with you alone, if you don't mind,† I pressed. He glared, and then turned his back and strode down the long room. I nearly had to run to keep up. As soon as we turned the corner into a short hallway, he spun around to face me. â€Å"What do you want?† he asked, sounding annoyed. His eyes were cold. His unfriendliness intimidated me. My words came out with less severity than I'd intended. â€Å"You owe me an explanation,† I reminded him. â€Å"I saved your life – I don't owe you anything.† I flinched back from the resentment in his voice. â€Å"You promised.† â€Å"Bella, you hit your head, you don't know what you're talking about.† His tone was cutting. My temper flared now, and I glared defiantly at him. â€Å"There's nothing wrong with my head.† He glared back. â€Å"What do you want from me, Bella?† â€Å"I want to know the truth,† I said. â€Å"I want to know why I'm lying for you.† â€Å"What do you think happened?† he snapped. It came out in a rush. â€Å"All I know is that you weren't anywhere near me – Tyler didn't see you, either, so don't tell me I hit my head too hard. That van was going to crush us both – and it didn't, and your hands left dents in the side of it – and you left a dent in the other car, and you're not hurt at all – and the van should have smashed my legs, but you were holding it up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I could hear how crazy it sounded, and I couldn't continue. I was so mad I could feel the tears coming; I tried to force them back by grinding my teeth together. He was staring at me incredulously. But his face was tense, defensive. â€Å"You think I lifted a van off you?† His tone questioned my sanity, but it only made me more suspicious. It was like a perfectly delivered line by a skilled actor. I merely nodded once, jaw tight. â€Å"Nobody will believe that, you know.† His voice held an edge of derision now. â€Å"I'm not going to tell anybody.† I said each word slowly, carefully controlling my anger. Surprise flitted across his face. â€Å"Then why does it matter?† â€Å"It matters to me,† I insisted. â€Å"I don't like to lie – so there'd better be a good reason why I'm doing it.† â€Å"Can't you just thank me and get over it?† â€Å"Thank you.† I waited, fuming and expectant. â€Å"You're not going to let it go, are you?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"In that case†¦ I hope you enjoy disappointment.† We scowled at each other in silence. I was the first to speak, trying to keep myself focused. I was in danger of being distracted by his livid, glorious face. It was like trying to stare down a destroying angel. â€Å"Why did you even bother?† I asked frigidly. He paused, and for a brief moment his stunning face was unexpectedly vulnerable. â€Å"I don't know,† he whispered. And then he turned his back on me and walked away. I was so angry, it took me a few minutes until I could move. When I could walk, I made my way slowly to the exit at the end of the hallway. The waiting room was more unpleasant than I'd feared. It seemed like every face I knew in Forks was there, staring at me. Charlie rushed to my side; I put up my hands. â€Å"There's nothing wrong with me,† I assured him sullenly. I was still aggravated, not in the mood for chitchat. â€Å"What did the doctor say?† â€Å"Dr. Cullen saw me, and he said I was fine and I could go home.† I sighed. Mike and Jessica and Eric were all there, beginning to converge on us. â€Å"Let's go,† I urged. Charlie put one arm behind my back, not quite touching me, and led me to the glass doors of the exit. I waved sheepishly at my friends, hoping to convey that they didn't need to worry anymore. It was a huge relief- the first time I'd ever felt that way – to get into the cruiser. We drove in silence. I was so wrapped up in my thoughts that I barely knew Charlie was there. I was positive that Edward's defensive behavior in the hall was a confirmation of the bizarre things I still could hardly believe I'd witnessed. When we got to the house, Charlie finally spoke. â€Å"Um†¦ you'll need to call Ren? ¦e.† He hung his head, guilty. I was appalled. â€Å"You told Mom!† â€Å"Sorry.† I slammed the cruiser's door a little harder than necessary on my way out. My mom was in hysterics, of course. I had to tell her I felt fine at least thirty times before she would calm down. She begged me to come home – forgetting the fact that home was empty at the moment – but her pleas were easier to resist than I would have thought. I was consumed by the mystery Edward presented. And more than a little obsessed by Edward himself. Stupid, stupid, stupid. I wasn't as eager to escape Forks as I should be, as any normal, sane person would be. I decided I might as well go to bed early that night. Charlie continued to watch me anxiously, and it was getting on my nerves. I stopped on my way to grab three Tylenol from the bathroom. They did help, and, as the pain eased, I drifted to sleep. That was the first night I dreamed of Edward Cullen.

A Closer Look At William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily

A Closer Look at William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† There have been many short stories written about life during the Reconstruction era after the civil war. Some stories, even though they are fictitious, are based upon and often mirror actual events that have taken place. The most relevant stories tell of lives and families that have been separated due to war, and how the remnants were left the task of rebuilding. As towns changed, people were somewhat reluctant to let go of past beliefs and what they felt like were entitlements. Promises made to the family of Miss Emily Grierson are only a small part of her life as written about in William Faulkner’s short fictional story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† (Faulkner 298). The relationship between Miss†¦show more content†¦The narrator takes ownership of the town, but never truly identifies his or her true relationship to it. The references of â€Å"our town†, and â€Å"our most select street† (Faulkner 299), are in direct contrast to the descriptive term â⠂¬Å"an eyesore among eyesores† (Faulkner 299). This how the narrator views everything associated with Miss Emily. This where I believe I can start to see the significance behind the narrative voice in this story. It’s important to note the relevance in the narrators use of pronouns when leading into descriptive terms referencing the towns feelings towards Miss Emily. We, our, and they, were all indications of the townspeople distancing themselves from Miss Emily. In Helen Nebeker’s work, â€Å"Emily s Rose of Love: Thematic Implications of Point of View in Faulkner s ‘A Rose for Emily’†, she makes a particular reference of this: The reader of A Rose for Emily realizes immediately the vagueness of the pronoun focus within this story. Within all five sections we note a continual shifting of person, from our to they to we (all italics added). And this shift is further complicated by implied shifts of referents for the various pronouns. That is, our does not always have the same referent, nor do they and we! (4) The shift from the older generation of the townspeople to the next generation comes as the period of Reconstruction begins. â€Å"The conclusion of the Civil War thoroughly transformed theShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pages1897, William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national magazine. 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Look, he says, if the stream were poisonous, everything in it would look dead. There are water spiders and plants living in the stream. Its no death trap. At this point you are faced with one of lifes little decisions: What do you do about the water situation? Go or stay? Someone

Karl Marx And Aristotle s Views On Communism - 1362 Words

When we talk about liberalism, we think of various philosophers like John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Aristotle, as these are the big names that people think of when liberalism comes to mind. Although many people talk about liberalism, it does not mean that all views regarding it are the same; some people may be totally for it while others would be completely against. One man that completely goes against liberalism is Karl Marx. Marx is the most influential communist philosopher out there, and holds very strong beliefs on communism. He argues about how whenever you look back or even in present time there has been class struggle. What this quote by Marx is trying to say is that the economy is described as a class struggle and always has been; prior with masters and slaves and now with the bourgeoisie and proletariats. Marx always believed that we will have a class conflict, and thinks society is organized by class struggles. He is saying that revolution is not just needed but it is enti rely necessary, believing that it is a natural way to correct injustice (in this case oppression) and has been throughout human history. He is analyzing all of human history through a certain lens – the lens of the inevitability of revolution. Marx is arguing that this is the culmination of all the imbalances existing in the world at his time. These imbalances have led to the oppression of the lower classes (proletariat) and will be corrected through revolution. He is predicting that revolutionShow MoreRelatedThe Left And The Right Wing1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe left and the right wing are always being compared to each other. It’s always been the battle between the opinions and the views of the far right and the far left. Even to this day, they are separated and always put in situations where they bounce ideas back and forth. 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